José Maria de Eça de Queirós Biography (1845 - 1900)

17June

(born Nov. 25, 1845, Póvoa do Varzim, Port.—died Aug. 16, 1900, Paris, France) Portuguese novelist. The illegitimate son of a magistrate, he began a career in law but turned to writing; later he held several diplomatic posts. He was associated with the Generation of ‘70, a group of intellectuals committed to social and artistic reform. His novels, in which he introduced naturalism and realism to Portuguese fiction, include The Sin of Father Amaro (1876), Cousin Bazilio (1878), and his masterpiece, The Maias (1888), a satire exploring the consequences of decadence in Portuguese society. He is often considered his country’s greatest novelist.

Ezra Biography (301 - 500)

12June

(flourished 4th century , Babylon and Jerusalem) Jewish religious leader and reformer. He restored the Jewish community after its exile in Babylon, persuading the people of Judah to return to a strict observance of Mosaic law. He served as a commissioner of the Persian government, which was tolerant of other religions but required order and authority. His efforts led to a restoration of traditional worship in the rebuilt Temple of Jerusalem and the dissolution of all mixed marriages. For creating a Jewish community based on the Law, which could exist without political statehood, he is often considered the founder of modern Judaism. His story is told in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Ezekiel Biography (550 - 600)

07June

(flourished 6th century ) prophet-priest of ancient Israel and the subject and in part the author of an Old Testament book that bears his name. Ezekiel’s early oracles (from c. 592) in Jerusalem were pronouncements of violence and destruction; his later statements addressed the hopes of the Israelites exiled in Babylon. The faith of Ezekiel in the ultimate establishment of a new covenant between God and the people of Israel has had profound influence on the postexilic reconstruction and reorganization of Judaism.

Ezekiel’s ministry was conducted in Jerusalem and Babylon in the first three decades of the 6th century . For Ezekiel and his people, these years were bitter ones because the remnant of the Israelite domain, the little state of Judah, was eliminated by the rising Babylonian empire under Nebuchadrezzar (reigned 605–562 ). Jerusalem surrendered in 597 . Israelite resistance was nevertheless renewed, and in 587–586 the city was destroyed after a lengthy siege. In both debacles, and indeed again in 582, large numbers from the best elements of the surviving population were forcibly deported to Babylonia.

Before the first surrender of Jerusalem, Ezekiel was a functioning priest probably attached to the Jerusalem Temple staff. He was among those deported in 597 to Babylonia, where he was located at Tel-abib on the Kebar canal (near Nippur). It is evident that he was, among his fellow exiles, a person of uncommon stature. Ezekiel’s religious call came in July 592 when he had a vision of the “throne-chariot” of God. He subsequently prophesied until 585 and then is not heard of again until 572. His latest datable utterance can be dated about 570 , 22 years after his first.

These two periods of prophesying, separated by 13 years, represent various emphases in Ezekiel’s message. His earlier oracles to the Jews in Palestine were pronouncements of God’s judgment on a sinful nation for its apostasy. Ezekiel said that Judah was guiltier than Israel had been and that Jerusalem would fall to Nebuchadrezzar and its inhabitants would be killed or exiled. According to him, Judah trusted in foreign gods and foreign alliances, and Jerusalem was a city full of injustice. Pagan rites abounded in the courts of the Temple.

After the fall of Jerusalem and his period of silence, Ezekiel now addressed himself more pointedly to the exiles and sought to direct their hopes for the restoration of their nation. His theme changed from the harsh judgment of God to the promise of the future. Ezekiel prophesied that the exiles from both Judah and Israel would return to Palestine, leaving none in the Diaspora. In the imminent new age a new covenant would be made with the restored house of Israel, to whom God would give a new spirit and a new heart. The restoration would be an act of divine grace, for the sake of God’s name. Ezekiel’s prophecies conclude with a vision of a restored Temple in Jerusalem. The Temple’s form of worship would be reestablished in Israel, and each of the ancient tribes would receive appropriate allotments of land. In contrast to those hoping for national restoration under a Davidic king, Ezekiel envisaged a theocratic community revolving around the Temple and its cult as the nexus of the restored Jewish state.

More than any of the classical biblical prophets, Ezekiel was given to symbolic actions, strange visions, and even trances (although it is quite gratuitous to deduce from these, and from his words “I fell upon my face” [1:28], that he was a cataleptic). He eats a scroll on which words of prophecy are written, in order to symbolize his appropriation of the message (3:1–3). He lies down for an extended time to symbolize Israel’s punishment (4:4ff). He is apparently struck dumb on one occasion for an unspecified length of time (3:26). As other prophets have done before him, he sees the God-to-People relationship as analogous to that of husband to unfaithful wife and therefore understands the collapse of the life of Judah as a judgment for essential infidelity.

Max Eyth Biography (1836 - 1906)

02June

(born May 6, 1836, Kirchheim unter Teck, Württemberg—died Aug. 25, 1906, Ulm, Ger.) engineer, inventor, and a pioneer in the mechanization of agriculture. His expert knowledge of machinery and wide travels on behalf of the steam-traction engineer John Fowler furthered the introduction of machinery for plowing, irrigation, earth moving, and canalboat towing. After studying engineering in Stuttgart, Eyth went to Paris to pursue his interest in the gas engine that had been developed by Étienne Lenoir. Later, in England, he began his work as a representative of Fowler’s Steam-Plough Works.

Eyth founded the German Agricultural Society in 1884. He also wrote a play and novels based on his engineering and travel experiences. In his writings, he displayed an unusually balanced view, for his times, of the human costs of technological progress.

Jan van Eyck Biography (1395 - 1441)

29May

(born before 1395, Maaseik, Bishopric of Liège, Holy Roman Empire—died , before July 9, 1441, Bruges) Flemish painter. He is recorded in 1422 as a master painter working for John of Bavaria, count of Holland, and later was employed by Philip III the Good, duke of Burgundy. Securely attributed paintings survive only from the last decade of his career; 10 are signed and dated, an unusually large number for the period. He produced portraits and religious subjects that are unmatched for their technical brilliance, their intellectual complexity, and the richness of their symbolism; he perfected the newly developed technique of oil painting. His masterpiece is the Adoration of the Lamb (1432), known as the Ghent Altarpiece, which he painted with his brother Hubert ( 1370–1426). He is commonly regarded as the greatest northern European artist of the 15th century. His works were widely copied and avidly collected.

Jonathan Eybeschütz Biography (1690 - 1764)

24May

(born 1690, Kraków, Pol.—died 1764, Altona, Den.) Polish rabbi and Talmudic scholar. He served as rabbi in a number of European towns, and his scholarship gained him a loyal following. He was reputed to have mystic powers; when the women of his congregation asked him to give them protection from death in childbirth, he offered them amulets that contained a prayer to the false messiah Shabbetai Tzevi. A prominent German rabbi, Jacob Emden (1697–1776), denounced the amulets. The dispute that ensued between Emden and Eybeschütz divided the European Jewish community.

(Etienne) Gnassingbé Eyadéma Biography (1937–2005)

19May

Togolese soldier and president (1967–2005), born in Pya, Togo. He joined the French army in 1953 and experienced extensive foreign service, attaining the rank of sergeant. Returning to Togoland in 1962 he became army commander-in-chief (1965). Two years later he led a bloodless coup to oust President Nicolas Grunitzky. He banned all political activity until he had founded a new organization, the Assembly of the Togolese People, as the only legal party. Although there were several attempts to overthrow him, he began to introduce a degree of democracy into the political system, and a multi-party system was instituted in 1992. He was elected president in 1994, although all the major opposition parties boycotted the election, and again in 1998, this time against credible opposition. A boycott of parliamentary elections, however, remained. At his death, the country’s constitution was amended to allow his son, Faure Gnassingbé, to take over as president and rule unchallenged until 2008, but strong international opposition forced his withdrawal pending elections (April 2005). He was confirmed the winner by Togo’ Constitutional Court.

Exekias Biography (525 - 550)

14May

(flourished 540–520 , Greece) Greek potter. He was the most famous of the black-figure vase painters ( black-figure pottery). His name is found on 13 surviving vases. He is known for his elegant drawing; his greatest gift was for conveying pathos and insight rather than overt action. Some 40 unsigned vases are attributed to him on stylistic grounds. He also made clay plaques designed to decorate tombs.

Maurice Ewing Biography (1906 - 1974)

09May

(born May 12, 1906, Lockney, Texas, U.S.—died May 4, 1974, Galveston, Texas) U.S. geophysicist. He taught many years at Columbia University (1944–74) and also directed the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (1949–74). Studying the structure of the Earth’s crust and mantle, he made seismic refraction measurements in the Atlantic basins, along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the Mediterranean and Norwegian seas. In 1935 he took the first seismic measurements in open seas. He was among those who proposed that earthquakes are associated with the central oceanic rifts that encircle the globe, suggesting that seafloor spreading may be worldwide and episodic in nature. In 1939 he took the first deep-sea photographs.

Barney Ewell Biography (1918 - 1996)

04May

(born Feb. 25, 1918, Harrisburg, Pa., U.S.—died April 4, 1996, Lancaster, Pa.) American athlete, one of the world’s leading sprinters of the 1940s. Although he was believed to be past his prime when the Olympic Games were resumed after World War II, he won three medals at the age of 30 at the 1948 Olympics in London.

Ewell first achieved renown while a student at Pennsylvania State University, running the 100- and 200-metre races and winning 12 gold medals and championships in collegiate meets between 1940 and 1942; he also won 11 gold medals in Amateur Athletic Union national meets between 1939 and 1948. He was an outstanding long jumper as well, leaping 25 feet 2 inches (7.68 m) in 1942. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II.

During the trials for the 1948 Olympics, Ewell tied the world record of 10.2 seconds in the 100-metre dash. At the Games themselves, Ewell won two individual silver medals. He came from behind to finish a close second in the 100-metre dash; he then led for most of the 200-metre dash, only to fall back in the home stretch. He led off the U.S. team that easily won the 400-metre relay, but the victory was initially ruled void because Ewell appeared to hand the baton to a teammate outside the passing zone; after viewing a film of the race, however, officials reversed the ruling, giving the Americans the gold medal.